ILOs

Part 1

• Describe common congenital and developmental abnormalities of growth including hamartomas and ectopias
• Define hypertrophy and hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia; give an account of important physiological and pathological factors and stimuli responsible for these changes and illustrate each of these processes with specific examples
• Relate these processes to altered tissue homeostasis including cell proliferation
• Discuss the effects of mechanical tissue injury including diverticula, intussusception and herniation.

Part 2

• Offer a definition of a neoplasm, and critically discuss that definition.
• Define dysplasia and its synonyms, and its significance for carcinogenesis.
• Analyse differences between benign and malignant neoplasms, and show how some tumours do not fall neatly into either category
• Give an account of how specific tumour entities are defined and classified
• Describe the different routes of tumour growth and spread
• Discuss the techniques by which a neoplastic diagnosis may be established
• Understand the principles of tumour grading and staging and its clinical relevance

Part 1

• What is homeostasis and its purpose?
• Outline some examples of environmental changes that cells must adapt to
• What happens if environmental changes (stresses) are more than cells can handle?
• Outline the differences between pathological and physiological adaptations to stress