ILOs

• Describe common congenital/developmental anomalies of growth including hamartomas and ectopia
• Discuss the effects of mechanical tissue injury including diverticula and intussusception

Developmental Anomalies

• What is an anomaly?
• What’s the difference between a major and minor anomaly?
• What is a malformation?
• What is the most common congenital cardiac malformation, what is it associated with and how does it manifest?
• A diagram showing us a cardiac ventricular septal defect…
• What is spina bifida myelomeningocoele?
• How does the neural tube fold?
• What are the two ways in which spina bifida can present?
• A diagram showing us an open defect spina bifida
• How does spina bifida occulta present?
• What is given to pregnant women to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?

Syndromes

• What is a syndrome?
• A schematic diagram showing us the anomalies in Down Syndrome, and a reminder as to why this happens…
• What is ectopia, and give examples of this…?